cª\u|]hL
efiffdf lqml6sn lyª\lsª\ gfdn] lrlgg] ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfOnfO{ ;dLIffTds
;f]rfOsf gfdn] klg ;+s]t ul/G5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO lzIf0f l;sfOsf If]qdf
ljNs'n gofF k4lt geP klg lrGtg k4ltsf] Pp6f To:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;df l;sf? jf
l;sfOdf ;+nUg JolQmn] cfˆgf ljrf/nfO{ k|:t't u/L df}lnstfsf] bfjL ;lxt ltgsf]
;sf/0f k'i6\ofFO ub{5 . o; k4ltn] l;sfOnfO{ ljBfyL{ s]Gb|Lt agfpF5 jf ;lqmo
l;sfOdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ dxTj lbg] x'gfn]
ljBfyL{x?n] kf7\ok':ts jf lzIfsaf6 k|fKt ;fdu|LnfO{ x'–ax' 3f]Sg] jf s07 ug]{
eGbf k|ltlaDafTds ?kdf lrGtg u/L kf7sf af/]df k|Zg ug]{, ltgsf] hfFr ug]{, gofF
;fdu|L tof/ ug]{, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{, cleJoQm ug]{, ax; ug]{ sfo{df bIf agfpg
o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rn] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/sf af/]df lrGtg
dgg ug{ / cfˆgf] ljrf/ k5fl8sf sf/0fx?af/] klg ;f]Rg d2t ub{5 . o;sf] dtna
cfkm"n] lg0f{o lng] cyjf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfaf/] kms]{/ x]g{ d2t ub{5
eGg] xf] . ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO ljlw k|of]u u/L sIff lzIf0f u/]df ljBfyL{x?
;lqmo ?kdf vf]hd"ns 9+un] l;sfOdf ;+nUg x'g], cfˆgf ljrf/ jf dtnfO{
lgw{Ss;Fu k|:t't ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{, c?sf ljrf/nfO{
ljZn]if0f u/L ;k|df0fsf cfwf/df ljZn]if ;lxt u|x0f ug]{, cflh{t / k|fKt 1fgnfO{
cfˆgf] Jojxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
l;sfO
lqmofsnfk ;lqmo cGj]if0f, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{, ;xof]uL, ;xof]ufTds l;sfO, n]vg tyf
k7g k|lqmofdf :jtGqtf, ljBfyL{åf/f l;sfOsf] ;'?jft ug]{ k4lt cflb h:tf df}lns
ljz]iftf ePsfn] g]kfnsf] dfWolds lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd -@)^$_ df o;nfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . To;t} dfWolds lzIffsf] /fli6«o / txut p2]Zodf Pp6f p2]Zo
;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]+r ;DalGw p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy}, o;nfO{ l;sfOdf k|efjsf/L
?kdf ;dfj]z ug]{ dg;fon] g]kfndf klg ljleGg lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf #)
hgf k|lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbO ;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L ;dfnf]rgfTds l;sfO k4ltnfO{ pkof]u
u/L lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{n] :jtGq ?kdf cfTdljZjf; k"0f{ 9+un] ax; ub}{
1fgsf] ;femf ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L 1fgsf] ;dembf/L sfod ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf lzIf0f
l;sfOdf of] nfebfos k4lt x'g ;S5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu sIffsf]7fdf
lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ tLg r/0fdf ;~rfng ug'{k5{ . h;nfO{ P, aL, ;L k|m]d
elgG5, h;cg';f/ lgDg 9fFrfdf lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ pT;'stf hufpg] (Anticipation) M
o;
r/0fnfO{ x/]s kf7sf] ;'?jftdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} klg kf7 ;'? ug'{ cl3 pQm
kf7 k9\g ljBfyL{x? s] slt dfqfdf ;Ifd 5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufO{ kf7 k|lt ?lr
hufpg' k5{ . h;n] l;sfOnfO{ pknAwLd"ns agfpF5 . o;/L k"j{wf/0ffsf]
n]vfhf]vf ubf{ kf7 k|ltsf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds wf/0ffsf] af]w lzIfs / ljBfyL{
b'j}nfO{ x'G5 . o;n] kf7sf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf uxg e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf kf7;Fu
;DalGwt ljifoj:t' ;f]Rg jfWo agfpg] vfnsf /dfOnf lqmofsnfk 5gf}6 ug'{k5{, h;n]
k|ToIf ?kdf kf7sf] ljifoj:t'df ;+s]t u/f];\ . h;df k"j{ 1fgsf] :d/0f, kj{
wf/0ffsf] n]vfhf]vf, ljifok|lt Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ / gofF ljrf/sf] a'emfOsf nflu
;Gbe{ k|bfg ug]{ cflb sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
-v_ 1fg lgdf{0f (Building Knowledge) M
of]
r/0fn] kf7sf] p2]Zo;Fu a9L tfbDotf /fVg] x'G5 . of] kf7sf] ;'?jft kZrft kf7sf]
;'?jftdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg jf kf7 ;'?jft eGbf k"j{ l;lh{t
;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg, ;fdu|Lsf] cy{ kQf nufpg / gofF k|Zgsf] pQ/
vf]hL ug{ k|of]u ul/g] r/0f xf] . o; r/0fdf ck]IffnfO{ l;sfO;Fu bfFHg],
ck]Iffsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, d'Vo a'Fbf klxrfg ug]{, JolQmut ;f]rfOnfO{ kf7;Fu
;DalGwt ug]{, kf7sf af/]df k|Zg p7fpg] / ;fdu|Lsf af/]df cg'dfg ug]{ cflb sfo{
x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf ljlw / tf}ntl/sfnfO{ Jojl:yt
ug'{k5{ .
-u_ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ (Consolidation) M
kf7nfO{
af]w ul/;s]kl5 klg 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffnfO{ alnof] agfpg klg o;sf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 .
o; r/0fdf ljBfyL{n] cfkm"n] l;s]sf] s'/fsf] cfwf/df To;sf] cfˆgf] hLjgdf
cy{ vf]Hg] / To;s} cfwf/df cfˆgf] ;f]r kl/jt{g ug]{ x'G5 . o; r/0fdf kf7sf]
;f/f+z lgsfNg], ljrf/ cYof{pg], ljrf/ ;f6f;f6 ug]{, ljrf/ k/LIf0f ug]{,
l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{, yk k|Zg ;f]Wg] cflb sfo{ x'g] x'Fbf o;df kf7sf] k|s[lt
cg';f/ b'|t n]vg, jfbljjfb, e"ldsf clego, cGt/lqmof ug]{ cflb h:tf
lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 .
o;/L x/]s
lbgsf] kf7nfO{ dflysf r/0fdf ljeflht u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f / sIff
;~rfng ubf{ lzIf0f l;sfO yk /f]rs x'g'sf ;fy} l;sfOsf] pknAwL:t/ klg pRr x'G5 .
ldlt @)^(÷)*÷!)
b]lv @)^(÷)*÷@@ ;Dd ;~rflnt /f]i6/ k|lzIf0f tflndsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] .
– /f]zg
bfxfn, df=lj= -g]kfnL_, sfn]Zj/ !, n=k'
>L sfnLb]jL pRr
df=lj= ePsf]df
o;
uf=lj=;=sf] ;fy} O{kf k~rsGof uf=lj=;= dsjfgk'/ lhNnf ;d]tsf] jfnjflnsfsf]
lzIffsf] ljsf;df o; >L sfnLb]jL p=df=lj= Pp6f sf];]9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] s'/f o;
ljBfnosf] %) cf}+ jif{sf] Oltxf;n] k'i6L ul/;s]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljkGg ePsf] l:ylt
h;df lgz'Ns lzIff gePsf] / o; uf=lj=;=sf ljBfyL{x? cGoq k9\g hfg' kbf{sf] cj:yf
cToGt lk8fbfoL lyof] . h'g s'/f ljutdf w]/} cu|h b]lv lnP/ xfdLn] ef]Uof}+ . o;
uf=lj=;=af6 glhssf] ljBfno >L dxfFsfnLb]jL xfnsf] p=df=lj= e§]8fF8f hfg'
kb{Yof] . To; 7fpFdf 8]/f u/]/ a:g] jfx]s cGo s'g} ljsNk lyPg . hxfF ;Dd lx8]/
hfg # – $ 306f nfUb5 eg] Tolta]nfsf] af6f]sf] cj:yfn] k'Ug] xf] sL gk'Ug] xf]
z+sf dfGg' kg]{ ;Ddsf] l:ylt lyof] . a:g] qmddf klg 7"nf / pT>[+vnf
ljBfyL{sf] lzsf/ x'g' kb{Yof] . @)%# ;fn kZrft To; s'/faf6 o; uf=lj=;= sf
ljBfyL{ efO jlxgLx?sf ;fy} xfd|f] glhs /x]sf cGoqsf ljBfyL{ efO jlxgLx? ;'/lIft
ePsf 5g\ . h'g ljifo o; uf=lj=;=sf] v'zLsf] If0f xf] .
o;
ljBfnodf cIf/ lrg]/ cfkm"nfO{ cIf/ lrgfpg] u'?;Fu cWofkg sfo{ ug]{
cj;/nfO{ ldn]sf] 5 . @)%$ ;fn b]lv o; ljBfnodf d}n] lzIf0f ug]{ cj;/ kfPF . xfn
o; ljBfnoaf6 + 2 ;d]t ug{ kfpg] cj;/ oxfFsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ldn]sf] 5 . csf]{
dxTjk"0f{ kIf ufpFdf lzIffsf] cj;/n] 5fqf ;ª\Vof k9fO{ a9]sf] / j'xf/L
lzIffnfO{ ;d]t o; ljBfnon] lg/Gt/tf lbg kfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ c? /fd|f] Jojl:yt
kg]{ xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj /x]sf] 5 . h;df k"j{ cu|hx?, k"j{ ljBfyL{ efO
jlxgLx?, k"j{ lzIfs lzlIfsfx? b]lv xfn ;Dd sfo{/t lzIfs lzlIfsfx?
k"j{ k|=c=x? / ;Dk"0f{ cleefjsx? g} o;sf] d]?b08 xf] . s'g} klg
7fpFsf] ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfwf/ lzIff xf] . Tof] lzIff sfnLb]jL xfnsf] pRr df=lj=n]
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / lg/Gt/ ub}{ hfg]5 .
o;
ljBfnosf] @)!( ;fn c;f/ @( ut]sf] ;~rfngsf] cj:yf b]lv oxfF ;Dd cfpg 7"nf]
;+3if{ u/]sf] 5 . To;df k"j{ cu|hx?n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf xfdLn] ;bf :d/0f
ug'{ kg]{5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k lzIffsf] pHofnf] Hof]ltaf6 oxfFsf jfnjflnsf
jl~rt x'g k/]sf] 5}g .
oxfFsf]
csf]{ km/s ljz]iftf eg]sf] o; uf=lj=;=sf] @, # / $ g+= j8f jfx]s c? efO jlxgLx?
;lhn} 3/af6 ljBfno cfpg ;S5g\ . To;df klg ufx|f] eg]sf] $ g+= j8f dfq xf] eGg
ldNb5 .
ljsl;t
d'n'sn] j:tL j;fNg] qmddf ;a} jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf j:tL j;fn]/ cfwf/e"t
kIf lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ;+rf/, ljB't, oftfoft nufotsf s'/f ljt/0f ug]{
gLlt cg'?k sd nufgL / Pp6} lghaf6 w]/}n] nfe lng] cfwf/df u/]sf] of]hgf h:t} o;
uf=lj=;=sf] e"uf]nsf] Pp6f ljBfnodf w]/}n] lzIff kfpg] l:ylt 5 .
a;f]af;sf]
;d:ofsf] ljBfyL{x?df k7g kf7gsf] l:ylt v:sg] / ljrdf sIff 5f8\g] l:ylt kSs}
cfpF5 . xfd|f] ljBfnodf dsjfgk'/ O{kf, k+rsGof uf=lj=;=af6 w]/} ljBfyL{ k9\g
cfpF5g\ / a;f]af;sf] ;d:of tyf 5fqjf; gePsf sf/0f ljrd} ljBfno 5f8\g] / k9fO{
lju|g] jf sdhf]/ aGb} hfg] w]/} ;d:of em]Ng' k/]sf] 5 . of] ;d:ofaf6 hf]lug
5fqaf; lbg ;Dej b]lvb}g . of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;Dd l5§} ug]{ clenfiffsf ;fy xfdL
o; ljBfnosf] %) cf}+ jif{sf] z'e cj;/df cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ .
Û ho >L
sfnLb]jL Û
–
uf]ljGb k|;fb ltdlN;gf, lzIfs
d]/f] cg'ej
;fFlRrs}
/dfOnf lyP tL lbgx? . cfh;Dd klg dnfO{ cfˆgf] :s'n k9\bfsf If0fx? ;Dembf
/dfOnf] nfU5 . cfhsf] o; dxTjk"0f{ ;kmntfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf s]
lyof] eg] ;fg}b]lv dnfO{ :s'n hfg / k9\g Psbd} /x/ nfUYof] . dnfO{ ul0ftdf
HofdLlt Psbd} ufx|f] nfUYof] . ;/x? dnfO{ ljz]if ;Defjgf af]s]sf] ljBfyL{sf]
?kdf x]g'{x'GYof] . o; cy{df ;a};Fu daf6 s]xL cfzf lyof] . geGb} P;\=Pn\=;L=df
**=^$Ü NofP/ d}n] To; cfzfnfO{ kl/0ft ul/lbPF .
;fd'bflos
ljBfnodf 5fqtkm{ lhNnfs} bf];|f] :yfg k|fKt x'g' d]/f] dfq geO{ o; >L
sfnLb]jL p=df=lj= s} uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . o:tf] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;a} lzIfs
lzlIfsf, ;fyLx? / ;du|df of] ;dfhsf ;a} kIfn] plQs} ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . sIffdf
u'?x? dnfO{ s]lGb|t ug'{ x'GYof] . ;fyLx?aLr gofF gofF ljifox?df 5nkmn x'g]
uYof]{ . ha d]/f] ;]G6 ck 6]:6df (!=^Ü cfof] ta d]/f] klg P;\=Pn\=;L= df ljlzi6
>]0fL cfpF5 eGg] ljZjf; lyof] lsgsL xfd|f] h:tf] ljs6 If]qsf ljBfyL{x?n]
/fd|/L k9\g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] wf/0ff JofKt lyof] . o:tf] ;kmntfn] u|fdL0f If]qsf
ljBfyL{x?n] klg ;xL jftfj/0f kfPdf pgLx? klg s]xL ug{ ;Sbf/x]5g\ eGg] k|i6 kf5{
. olb xfdL ljBfyL{x?n] cfˆgf] ;donfO{ lg/Gt/ ;b'kof]u u/L cWoogdf lgoldt
nflu/xg] xf] eg] xfdL ;kmntfsf] lzv/ r'Dg ;S5f}+ .
d]/f]
ljBfyL{ hLjgdf lzIfs lzlIfsfx?sf] ;xof]unfO{ d}n] ;Demg} k5{ . afa'/fd ;/, /d]z
;/, ljBf;fu/ ;/, ch'{g ;/, v8\u ;/, s[i0f ;/, uf]ljGb ;/ cflb ;/x?af6 d}n]
lg/Gt/ gofFgofF k|Zgx?sf] pQ/sf af/]df yfxf kfpFy] . afa'/fd ;/n] dnfO{ cª\u|]hLdf
af]Ng / n]Vg pT;fx lbg'x'GYof] . lstfaeGbf aflx/sf] k|Zg ;f]Wbf yf]/} cgsgfP/}
ePklg ljBf;/n] dnfO{ ul0ftsf gcfpg] k|Zgx? l;sfOlbg'x'GYof] . uf]ljGb ;/sf]
sIffdf Psbd} /dfOnf] cnfu]/ cfpFYof] . klxnf]k6s /d]z ;/n] xfdLnfO{ cª\u|]hL
k9fpg'ePsf] If0f ;Dembf ;fx|} cfgGb cfpF5 . huGgfy ;/n] g]kfnL ljifosf] sIffdf
;fx|} xF;fpg] s'/fx? ubf{sf If0fx? cem} :jl0f{d ;Demgfd} 5g\ . d}n] ghfg]sf
;d:ofx? Zofd ;/nfO{ kmf]gaf6} ;f]Wy] / eflnkN6 ljBf;/nfO{ nu]/ b]vfpFy] .
slxn]sfxL s[i0f;/ xfdLnfO{ sljtf n]v]/ ;'gfpg'x'GYof] .
cfh %)
cf}+ j;Gt kf/ ul//xFbf d klg o; >L sfnLb]jL p=df=lj=sf] Ps lhDd]jf/ lx:;f
x'g kfpFbf uf}/jflGjt ePsf] 5' . xfd|f] ljBfnon] oqf] %) cf}+ jif{ kf/ ul//xFbf
w]/} k|ultx? ePsf 5g\ . o; ljBfno dfWolds x'Fb} pRr dfWolds;Dd ;~rfng ug{ ;kmn
eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ klg d]/f] ljrf/df xfdLn] cem} w]/} ug'{ 5 . xfdLn] o;
ljBfnonfO{ blIf0f nlntk'/df dfq} geO{ nlntk'/ lhNnfd} Ps pTs[i6 ljBfnosf] ?kdf
:yflkt ug'{ 5 . To;sf nflu xfd|f] :s'ndf x'g] /fhgLlts efua08f,
:jfy{k"lt{sf nflu ul/g] sfo{, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lzIfsn] ;dfg?kdf dxTj lb+b}gg\
eGg] wf/0ffsf] cGTo ug'{k5{ . ljBfnodf lj1fg k|of]uzfnf, sDKo'6/ k|of]uzfnf,
cfw'lgs k':tsfnosf] Joj:yfkg ul/g'k5{ .
cGTodf,
ljBfyL{x?sf nflu d s]xL ;'emfjx? lbg rfxG5' . P;=Pn=;L= df /fd|f] glthf Nofpg
;w}+ Pp6} ultdf k9\g'k5{ . k/LIffsf] a]nfdf cgfjZos tgfj lng'x'Fb}g . ;Dej
eP;Dd OG6/g]6, kqklqsfx?nfO{ pkof]u u/L k9fO;DalGw gofF 1fg lng'k5{ . ;dfrf/
b}lgs ?kdf ;'Gg} k5{ . 3/df ljBfyL{x?nfO{ :jtGq eO{ k9\g ;Sg] zfGt jftfj/0fsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ cleefjssf] st{Jo xf] . ;fdfGotM ljBfyL{x?n] a]n'sf !) – !! ah]
;'Tg] / ljxfg $ – % ah] p7\g] u'g{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;f] ugf{n] /fd|f] glthf ldN5
.
– ;ljg
kf}8]n, k"j{ ljBfyL{, sfnL b]jL p=df=lj=
lsg aGb}5g\
;fd'bflos ljBfno w/fkdf
xfdLn] gu/] s;n] ug]{ <
clxn] gu/] slxn] ug]{ <
oxfF gu/] sxfF ug]{ <
oL
cg'tl/t k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/ xfdLn] glbP s;n] lbg] xfdLn] clxn] gu/] slxn] ug]{ /
oxfF gu/] sxfF ug]{ Ps k6s xfdL ;r]t gfu/Ls ePsf] x}l;otn] af]Ng} 5 . To; dfly
b]zsf] Psd'7L df6f] 5f]P/ ;a}n] ;kmt vfg] a]nf cfPsf] dfq x}g l9nf eO;Sof], ca
xfdL ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL leq cfTdljZjf; / c7f]6sf] 7"nf] vfFrf] 5 .
To;nfO{ xfdLn] k"/f ug{ ;s]gf}+ eg] xfdL k5f8Lsf k':tfn] ljzfn kL8f, si6 /
;d:ofsf] ofqfdf nfUg' k5{ . vfFrf] ;a}df 5 OdfGbf/Ltfsf] t/ To; dfly klg lzIfs
.
lzIfs #
j6f zAbåf/f lgld{t gfd cfkm} leq 7"nf] kl/efiff cem To; leq klg w]/} cfzf
/ e/f];fsf vDafx? af]s]/ a;]sf] JolQm, lzIfs l;+uf] zAb leq o;sf] # cIf/nfO{
lj:tf/ u/]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg o:tf] lj:tfl/t ?k kfpg ;lsG5 M lz – lzIf0fdf snf
ePsf], If – Ifdtfjfg JolQm s – st{Jo lgi7
oxL Pp6f
lzIfssf] zAbsf] lj:tfl/t ?knfO{ dfq k"/f u/]/ xfdL xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L /
hjfkmb]xLtfdf nfUg] eP ;fob lzIffdf xfdL w]/} k5f8L kg]{ lyPgf}+ xf]nf <
lalu|Psf sdhf]/L cj:yfsf] sf/0f xfdL c?nfO{ yf]K5f}+, bf]iff/f]k0f ug{ uf¥xf]
gknf{ t/ jf:tljstf vf]tNg] xf] eg] o;sf xtef]uL w]/ jf yf]/ ;a} x'g} k5{ . s]
lzIfs, s] /fhgLlt1, s] of]hgfsf/, s] lzIffljb / lzIff;Fu ;k]Iftf sfod ug]{ .
;a} JolQm o;sf bf]ifL eGbf ;Totf g} 7x5{ .
lzIfs
ljBfno leq / aflx/ z}lIfs jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ sfo{stf{ xf] h;sf] ;xhLs/0f /
pkl:yltdf jf:tjd} z}lIfs :yn lzIf0f sfo{zfnf aG5 . t/ cfh xfd|f ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] cj:yf leGg 5, /fhgLlts elt{ s]Gb| ag]sf 5g\ . xfd|f ljBfno em08f /
808f af]sfpg] efif0f vf]sfpg] ynf] ag]sf 5g\ . aGb / x8\tfnsf] klxnf] k/]8
v]Ng] 7fpF ePsf 5g\ . ljBfyL{ To;sf] ef/af6 ar]sf 5}gg\ / arfpg k|lta4tf
/fhgLlt1 ;Da4kIf eP klg Jojxf/df ptfl/Psf] 5}g .
lzIfs
bf];|f] lhDd]jf/ kIf xf] . xfd|f] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/ v:sfpg /fhgLlt
cf8df lzIfs lgo'lQm ;?jf a9'jf eP/ ljBfno k|j]z u/]sf] eP . Ps 306L k9fpg]
kf7sf] of]hgf x}g, b]z rnfpg] / a9fpg] of]hgf agfpF5g\ . cem csf]{ 7"nf]
kIf t xfd|f] slt ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsdf cfTd ljZjf; klg 5}g . cfˆgf] aRrf t
cfkm"n] k9fpg] ljBfnodf k9fpg ;S5' eGg] cfF6 5}g of] t hflu/ vfg] ynf] xf]
eGg] ;f]rn] lghL ljBfnodf cfˆgf aRrf /fV5g\ / ;/sf/L ljBfnodf sfd u5{g\ .
cleefjs
of] lqsf]0ffTds ;DaGwdf cleefjssf] e"ldsf lzIfs, ljBfyL{sf] eGbf sd 5}g .
cleefjssf] e"ldsf x]bf{ u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]q ljefhg ug'{ plrt xf]nf . xfd|f
u|fdL0f If]qsf cleefjs x'g]vfg] ju{n] ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf aRrf k7fpFb}gg\ / k7fP
klg cfˆgf] /fhgLlts :jfy{ k"/f ug{ k7fpF5g\ . ;fdfGo cleefjssf] ljBfnok|lt
rf;f] lh1f;f x'b}g cem} ljBfno pd]/sf sl/a !)Ü afnaflnsf ljBfno Nofpg ;lsPsf]
5}g .
;x/LIf]q
;d:of emg\ hl6n af]s]sf] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] glthf v:sg'sf] d"nsf/0f Tof]
klg ;x/df x'g] vfg] / ;DkGg ju{n] rf;f] glbg'n] xf] . ;x/L If]qsf ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf cleefjs / ljBfyL{ eg]sf lg/Lx bf];|f] bhf{sf] gful/s eGbf km/s gxf]nf
. pgLx?sf] ljBfno k|lt s'g} rf;f] x'Fb}g Tof] jfWotf xf] . c:yfoL a;f]af; ug]{,
b}lgs /f]hL/f]6Ldf ef}tfl/g] kl/jf/n] klxnf] cfjZostf lzIff x}g uf; x'G5 ToxLsf
lzIfs af]l8{Ë Joj;fodf cfj4tfsf] ;ª\Vof a9\tf b]lvg'n] ;x/L If]qdf ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg / sfo{z}nLdf Psflwsf/ 5 .
ah]6
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf 5'6\ofpg] ah]6 eg]sf] /fi6«sf] s'n ah]6sf] !% – !&Ü ;Dd
5'6\ofPsf] kfOG5 . Tof] klg lzIfs tna eQf . To;kl5 ef}lts ;'wf/ clg To;kl5 s]xL
/sd ePdf 5fqj[lQ t/ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ kIfdf s'g} ah]6 gcfpg' ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] 7"nf] ;d:of xf] .
;fd'bflos
ljBfno v:sg'df csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] of] klg xf], hlt klg ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf of]hgfsf/, lzIffljb, dxflgb]{zs, lgb]{zs cem ;du|df eGg'kbf{ o;;Fu
;Da4 kIf h;n] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljljw kIf cWoog u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f x'G5 /
u5{g\ t/ ltgLx?sf sf]xL klg afnaflnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k9fpFb}gg\ To;}n]
of]hgf ag] klg c?sf nflu lg/LIf0f eP klg c?sf nflu 7"n} ah]6 uP klg c?sf
nflu h:tf efjgf ePsf]n] ;fd'bflos ljBfno v:sg'df OdfGbfl/tfsf] vfFrf] 5 eGg'
cltplQm gxf]nf .
To;
;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] glthf v:sg'df csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] eg]sf] b]zdf ePsf]
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g To; ;Fu} ePsf ;lGw ;Demf}tf cflbn] klg lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lotf
tkm{ eGbf efuj08f ldnfP/ hflu/ vfg] ef8f] agfpg' klg Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . o;
;+:yf leq bIf hgzlQm k|j]z ug'{ t stf xf] stf cGo If]qdf c;kmn / cfˆgf] kx'Fr
k'u]g eg] ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k|j]z ug]{ / To; leq klg xfn cfP/ csf]{ ;Demf}tfn]
emg} lju|bf] cj:yfnfO{ tn emfg{ dlxnf, hghflt, blnt pTkLl8t dw];L / lk58f
ju{nfO{ lglZrt sf]6f lgwf{/0f u/L bIf JolQmnfO{ :jR5 k|lt:kwf{af6 k|j]z ug]{
af6f]df ;LdfÍg ug'{n] klg z}lIfs cj:yf v:sfpg] an k'Ug] s'/fdf gsfg{ ;lsGg .
;fd'bflos
ljBfno sdhf]/ aGg'df ;/sf/L kIf, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, JolQmjfbL k|j[lQ xfjL x'g'n]
xf] . nfdf] ;do ;Dd lzIfssf] k]zfut Uof/]G6L gx'g' . lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] ;dodf
sfd ug{ g;Sg', ;/sf/L kIfaf6 sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f glbg', ;/sf/L /fhgLlts kIfn]
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u dfq geO, o;;Fu ;Da4 kIfnfO{ Check and balance gu/L x:tIf]ksf]
/fhgLlts ug'{ klg csf]{ sf/0f xf] . ls t c:yfoL, s/f/, /fxt jf s'g} klg ju{df
juL{s/0f u/]/ lzIfs /fVg x'Fb}g olb /flvG5 eg] To;nfO{ b]lvg] u/L ;]jf / ;'ljwf
lbg' x'b}g, tfls h;n] xLgtf af]w gxf];\ .
;du|df
eGg' kbf{ oL dfly pNn]v ul/Psf kIfx? lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\, km/s olt xf] To;sf]
sltn] 7"nf] 3]/f cf]u6]sf 5g\ eg] sltn] ;fgf] . dfly b]lvPsf kIfdf ;'wf/
ug]{ xf] eg] kSsf klg ;fd'bflos ljBfnon] sfFr'nL km]nfP To;sf nflu Psk6s ;DaGw
kIfn] uxg ?kdf ;f]r]/ gofF vfsf tof/ ug]{ ;do cfPsf] dfq x}g l9nf eO;s]sf] 5 .
– s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/], lzIfs
d]/f] ljBfno
rf/} lt/ 8fF8f sfF8fn] 9fs]/ ljrdf /x]sf] d]/f] ljBfno
h;sf] gfd 5 >L sfnLb]jL pRr df=lj= . d}n] cWoog u/]sf] d]/f] ljBfno h;sf]
d}bfgdf w'nf], 9'+uf, afn'jf / 3fddf d}n] w]/} jif{ latfPsf] lyPF . dnfO{
cfkm" ;fgf] 5bfFsf] 36gfx? Tolt :d/0f t 5}g, t/ dnfO{ d]/L lbbLn] xft
;dfP/ :s'n n}hfg' ePsf] s'/f d]/f] dfg;k6ndf cem} :d/0f 5 . d ljBfno hfg ;'?
u/]sf] ;dodf a:gsf] nflu a]Grsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gePsfn] xfdL 9'+uf / sf7 dfly
a:Yof}+ .
dnfO{
d]/f xft ;dfO s, v, u, A, B, C l;sfpg] d]/f u'?cfdfx?sf] ;Demgf cfO/x]sf] 5 .
dnfO{ lzlIft agfpg] d]/f] ljBfnosf] w]/} ;Demgf cfO/x]sf] 5 . d]/f] ljBfnosf]
k|fË0fdf v]n]sf tL ;Dk"0f{ If0fx? cem} ;Demgfdf cfO/xG5 . dnfO{ d]/f]
ljBfnon] ;'?sf] cj:yf b]lv cGTo;Dd ;w}+ k9fOdf hf]8 lb+b} xf};nf k|bfg ug]{
d]/f cfb/0fLo lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] ;Demgf cfO/x]5 .
clxn]
ljBfnodf w]/} kl/jt{g eO;s]sf 5g\ . ljBfno leq l5/]/ x]bf{ stf stf gld7f]
cg'ejx? cfpF5 . xfdLn] latfPsf cg'ej lbnfpg] ef}lts ;+/rgf w]/} kl/jt{g eO;s]5g\
. ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu} d}n] cWoog u/]sf] ljBfno z}lIfs If]qdf pTs[i6 x'g ;kmn
eP5 . jiff{df kfgL k/]/ r'lxPsf sIffx? cfw'lgs ejgx?df kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ .
xfdLn] v]n]sf, 6f9faf6 b'jf] af]ls ;hfPsf rf}/ b'jf] / km"nn] ;lhP5g\ .
ljBfno jl/kl/ sfF8] tf/n] 3]l/Psf] af/ clxn] kvf{nn] 3]l/P5 .
lj=;+=
@)!( ;fndf :yfkgf eP/ @)^( ;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg jfwf / Jofjwfg ;xb} Pp6f
;fF3'/f] 3/nfO{ /ftf] df6f] / uf]a/n] lnKb}, kf]Tb} ;~rfng ePsf] ljBfno cfh
qmdzM ;'ljwf ;DkGg x'Fb}5, lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df j[l4 u/L blIf0f nlntk'/sf] pTs[i6
ljBfno x'g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ysfg gegL cys k|of; ug]{ d]/f] lzIfsx?nfO{
hlt ;Ddfg u/] klg ck'u} x'G5 .
d
/dfPsf], v]n]sf] ljBfno >L sfnLb]jL xf] . d]/f] eljio lgdf{0f ul/lbg] ljBfno
klg oxL xf] . ;of}+ ljBfyL{sf] eljio lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] / lgdf{0f ul/lbg] ljBfno
oxL xf] . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] eljiosf] af6f] b]vfOlbg] u'?ju{ b]jtf ;Ddfg x'g
To;}n] ljBfyL{ eP/ ljBfyL{sf] dfg dof{bf / st{Jo slxNo} e'Ng' x'Fb}g . lzIfs
lzlIfsfn] xft ;dfP/ s, v, u, A, B, C l;sfPsf xftx?nfO{ slxNo} gla;f}{+ .
cGTodf
d}n] cWoog u/]sf] ljBfnon] cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfnsf] %) jif{sf] cfˆgf] :jl0f{d dxfg
ofqf kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 / cem} klg xhf/f}+ jif{sf] ;'ud ofqf to ug{ ;sf];\ clg
lzlIft / ;Eo gful/s pTkfbg ug{ ;sf];\ oxL 5 d]/f] tkm{af6 z'esfdgf .
–
;/:jtL l3ld/], k"j{ ljBfyL{, sfnLb]jL p=df=lj=
olt 7"nf]
;+;f/
hLjgdf x/]if d}n] slxNo} vfsf] 5}g .
;u/dfyf uf];fOs'08 cem} ufsf] 5}g .
kf}8L v]nL gf/fo0fL s0ff{nL d t5'{ .
8'+uf lvofO{ ljzfn sf]zL Pslbg t5'{ t5'{ .
;kgfdf
w]/} s'/f u/L ;s] d}n] .
ca
kfnf] ljkgfd} u5'{ ls t slxn] .
;s]
u5'{ g;s] lg/f; slxNo} x'Gg .
c?nfO{
b'Mv lbg] sfd t slxNo} 5'Gg .
a'‰g'ef] t hLjgdf /dfOnf] 5 slt <
lal;{lbG5' ;w} d t g/dfOnf] hlt .
;'v ;Dem] ;'v hLjg b'Mv ;Dem] b'Mv .
olt 7"nf] ;+;f/df x'G5' dt 9'Ss ..
–
nIdL ltdlN;gf -ahufO{_
dfN6f / oxfFsf]
k|s[lt
dfN6f
eGg] zAb sxfFaf6 pTklQ eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf vf; tYo e]§fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g t/ klg
sf]xL sf]xL a"9f af cfdfx?af6 s]xL egfO e]§fpg ;lsG5 . k/fk"j{ sfndf
o; 7fpFdf g]jf/L hflt a;f]af; ub{y] /] . pgLx?n] oxfF v';f{gL v]tL ub{y] /] .
g]jf/x?n] v';f{gLnfO{ ædf]N6fÆ eGby] . k|z:t v';f{gL x'g] ufpF ePsfn] g]jf/x?n]
df]N6f ufpF df]N6f ufpF eGb} hfFbf dfN6f ufpF ePsf] eGg] egfO{ kfOG5 .
of]
uf=lj=;= ( cf]6f j8fdf ljeflht 5 . k"j{df e§]8fF8f uf=lj=;= pQ/df 3';]n
uf=lj=;= /x]sf 5g\ klZrd / blIf0fdf dsjfgk'/ lhNnfnfO{ ;fy lnP/ afudlt gbLn] o;
uf=lj=;=nfO{ sfvdf lnPsL l5g\ . dfN6f uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= @, #, %, ^, &, *,
( / $ klg afudlt gbL;Fu ;fyL ;fyL eP/ a;]sf 5g\ . kljq afudtL gbLsf] ;fy ;fy}
o; uf=lj=;=df ljeGg b]jb]jLsf] dlGb/ klg bz{g ug{ kfOG5 . o;} uf=lj=;=sf] j8f
g+= & df sfnLb]jLsf] dlGb/ 5 . xfd|f] o; kljq ljBfno pg} eujtLsf] gfdn]
lrlgG5 . To; dlGb/sf] pTklQ klg slxn] eof] eg]/ eGg' t ;lsb}g . t/ klg dlGb/
j/k/ /s]sf ?v lj?jfx? x]bf{ o'uf}+ klxnf ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . b'O{j6f j/
kLknsf] ?v klg To; 7fpFdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . To; dlGb/ j/Lk/L 7"nf 7"nf
9'+ufsf] kvf{n k|s[ltåf/f g} lgld{t 5 . To; dlGb/df zlgaf/, d+unaf/
k"l0f{dfsf] lbg k"hf / bz{g ugf{n] dgsf] OR5f k"/f x'g] s'/f
hgljZjf; kfOG5 .
oltdfq
geO{ o; dfN6f uf=lj=;=df lqv08]Zj/ r08]Zj/ h:tf b]jtfsf dlGb/ klg b]Vg kfOG5 .
o; uf=lj=;=sf] k"j{df cjl:yt 8fF8fdf lqv08]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ 5 . To;
8fF8fsf] dlGb/df eujfg\ lzj lznf ?kdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 . w]/} jif{ klxnf Pp6f
ufO{n] jgdf rg{ hfFbf To; lznfdf lj/fhdfg eujfg lzjnfO{ b'w r9fpYof] /] .
ufO{n] uP/ sNrf}8f] b]vfpgf ;fy rf/} y'gaf6 b'w To; lznfdf emYof]{ /] . ca
b}lgs ?kdf ufO{n] eujfg lzjnfO{ b'w r9fpg] ug{ yfNYof] . otf ufO{sf] 3/wgL b'w
b'g hfFbf b'w Ps yf]kf klg cfpg 5f8\of] / ufO{sf] dflns b+u k/]/ of] b'w s] n]
vfG5 eg]/ lrof] ug{ yfNof] . pm ufO{nfO{ km'sfP/ ufO{sf] kl5 kl5 uof] . ufO{
;/f;/ uP/ eujfg lzjnfO{ b'w r9fof] . lznfdfly cfˆgf] sNrf}8f b]vfpgf ;fy rf/}
y'gaf6 b'wsf wf/f nfu] . ufO{ wgLn] k/ a;]/ Tof] lqmofsnfk x]/L /Xof] . ufO{n]
b'w lznfdf r9fPsf] b]v]/ pm ufO{ / lznf b'j} b]lv l/;n] r'/ eof] . p;n]
ufO{nfO{ klg s] s] eg]/ ufnL u¥of] . / of] lznfn] kf] d]/f] ufO{sf] b'w vfFbf]
/x]5 . ca o;nfO{ 3gn] kmf]l/lbG5' eGb} 3/df uP/ 3g Nofof] / eujfg lj/fhdfg To;
lznfnfO{ 3gn] xfGof] . clxn] klg To; lznf eflrPsf] jf lylrPsf] r]K6f] cfsf/sf]
b]Vg ;S5f}+ . To;/L ejufg lj/fhdfg lznfnfO{ 3gn] xfg]/ 3/df dfq Tof] dflg;
k'u]sf] lyof] /] p;nfO{ emf8fjfGtf / hLpe/L 8fj/ p7\g yfNof] /] p;nfO{ dfq geO
p;sf ;f/f kl/jf/nfO{ x'g yfNof] / To;kl5 Tof] kl/jf/ ToxfFaf6 efu]/ ToxL
8fF8fd'lg blIf0fsf] ufpFdf a:g uP . ToxfFsf l5d]sLn] To; dflg;nfO{ eu'jf eu'jf
eGbf eGb} 7fpFsf] gfpFg} ju'jf /xg uPsf] eGg] egfO{ kfOG5 .
of] t
eof] j8f g+= ! sf] eujfg lzjsf] dlGb/sf] j0f{g . o:t} j8f g+= # df klg eujfg
r08]Zj/L dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ b]Vg kfOG5 . o; uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= # ledjf/L eGg]
7fpF eGbf clns tn Pp6f kx/fsf] 6fs'/fdf eujfg r08]Zj/L dxfb]jsf] k|s[ltåf/f
:jo+ lgld{t ax't ;'Gb/ cfsif{s clt /fd|f] lzjfno b]Vg kfOG5 . dfgjåf/f lgld{t
kvf{n r9]/ clnslt dfly k'u]kl5 k|s[ltn] g} lgdf{0f lznf?kL ;fF9] jf gGbL
9f]sfdf lj/fhdfg 5g\ . dlGb/ b'O{ sf]7fdf ;'–;lHht 5 . clnslt leq k;]kl5 b'O{
9f]sf e]l6G5 . Pp6f 9f]sfaf6 eujfg lzjsf] sf]7fdf hfg ;lsG5 . csf]{ 9f]sfaf6
dftf kfj{tL a:g] sf]7fdf hfg ;lsG5 . To; sf]7f leqklg Pp6f ‰ofn / Pp6f 9f]sf
b]Vg ;lsG5 . eujfg lzj lj/fhdfg x'g' ePsf] sf]7f cln lgs} 7"nf] 5 . cfkm}+
pTklQ lzjln+u :jo+ kz'kltgfy h:t} x'g'x'G5 . To; lzjln+u dfgjåf/f lgld{t xf]Og
lznf klg xf]Og . To; cgf}7f] lzjln+u cfkm}+ pTklQ ePsf] xf] . To; lzjln+u eGbf
b]j|]kl§ eujfg lzj dftf kfj{tL / u0f]z lqd'lt{ b]Vg kfOG5 . htftt} ;]tf] r'g
6lNsP/ dlGb/ ;';f]let 5 . ;]tf] r'g rds rds rDsL /xFbf ;fRr} dflg;sf] dg
cfsif{s ub{5 . To; dlGb/n] ;f/f dflg;nfO{ ;Tsf/ ub{5 r'gsf] 6NsfOn] . w]/} jif{
klxnf eujfg r08]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/df hfFbf 6Gg n8\8' vfP/ cfpg kfOGYof] /] t/
3/ Nofpg kfOb}g lyof] /] . Pslbg Pp6f dfG5]n] cfkm"n] n8\8' 6Gg vfP5 .
To;kl5 3/df aRrf kl/jf/ ;Dem]/ n8\8' af]s]/ 3/ cfP5 . cfpFbf cfpFb} af6fdf
n8\8' lznf eP5 /] clxn] klg eujfg lzj lj/fhdfg x'g'ePsf] sf]7fdf lznfsf] n8\8'
e]§fpg ;lsG5 . ptf dftf kfj{tLsf] sf]7fdf eg] b'wsf] s'8] ufO{sf] ?k b]Vg ;lsG5
. ufO{sf] rf/cf]6f y'g 5g\ . tL y'gaf6 b'w -hn_ em/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . h:t} nfdf]
v8]/Ldf klg tL y'gaf6 b'w -hn_ em/]sf] em¥o} ub{5 . Tolt geO{ dftf
kfj{tLb]jLsf] jxfg l;+xn] cfF u/]sf] leqsf bfFtx? ;lxt l;+xsf] cg'xf/ clxn] klg
b]Vg ;lsG5 . eujfg lzjsf] To; dlGb/df ;f]daf/ jf k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf ufO{sf]
b'w bxL j]nkq wt'/f] cflb oyfzlQm k"hf;fdfg nu]/ k"hf cf/lt u/]/ z'4
dgn] h] lrtfof] ;f] kmn k|fKt x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf; ;Dk"0f{ dfN6f af;Lx?sf] 5
. cfw'lgs dfgjn] cfw'lgs dlGb/ b]jfno agfP/ emlsemsfp kfb{5g\ . t/ ToxfF eujfg
lzjn] cfkm} pTklQ u/fpg' ePsf] dlGb/ cfkm} emls emsfp 5 . d}n] t To; dlGb/sf]
af/]df s] n]Vg ;S5' / d]/f] h:tf] ;fgf] vf]k8Ln] Tof] ;'–;f]let dlGb/sf] j0f{g
s] EofpYof] tkfO{ klg of] n]v kl9;s]kl5 PskN6 of] n]v dfq xf] sL jf:tljs xf]
x]g{ hfg ge'Ng' xf]nf x} .
–
nIdL ltdlN;gf -ahufO{_
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